A searchable database of
medically documented cases

About the Project

Brain tumor

Brain Tumor

Epidemiology:

Brain tumors comprise a wide range of neoplasms, with approximately 24,000 new cases diagnosed annually in the United States1. Among these tumors, spontaneous remission (SR) is an exceedingly rare phenomenon, likely occurring in less than 1% of brain tumor cases2,,3. Documented instances of spontaneous regression primarily involve less malignant variants, such as low-grade gliomas, specific meningiomas, and astrocytomas4,5. Clinical observations indicate that SR may be associated with non-specific immune responses or trauma, complicating the accurate measurement of its incidence, as many cases may remain unreported, thereby obscuring the true prevalence of this rare event6.

Clinical Characteristics:

To date, 51 well-documented cases of spontaneous remission involving primary brain tumors have been reported between 1977 and 2025. The ages of affected individuals ranged from 3 months to 84 years, with a peak incidence in the middle-aged to older adult group. A modest female predominance (approximately 1.2:1) was observed, consistent with previous reports suggesting a slightly higher frequency of spontaneous regression among women. Pituitary and cerebral tumor associated remissions were more common in females. Overall, spontaneous remission tended to occur in adults with benign or low-grade lesions, often in those with hormonally or immunologically influenced tumor types. See Table 1 for further details.

Histological Characteristics:

Patients who experienced spontaneous remission of brain tumors typically presented with headaches, visual disturbances, seizures, or focal neurological deficits. Diagnosis was usually established by MRI or CT, followed by histopathological confirmation. Most cases involved benign or low-grade lesions, commonly affecting the pituitary gland, cerebral hemispheres, pineal region, or optic pathways. Remission was confirmed through imaging or surgical assessment, revealing tumor necrosis, calcification, or fibrotic replacement. Nearly all cases showed long-term stability or sustained remission, in some lasting more than a decade, far exceeding the expected clinical course.

Proposed Contributing Mechanisms:

Various potential mechanisms of spontaneous remission in brain tumors have been proposed. The most frequently reported involve immune-mediated antitumor responses, sometimes initiated by infection, biopsy, or local inflammatory reactions. Other suggested contributors include vascular occlusion leading to ischemia or necrosis, hormonal fluctuations, and tumor apoplexy with subsequent resorption of necrotic tissue. Recent reports also highlight immune reactivation following biopsy or surgical manipulation, supporting the hypothesis that antigen exposure may stimulate a host-mediated antitumor response. Additional contributing factors include infection resolution, radiation-induced abscopal effects, and alterations in vascular or growth factor signaling pathways.

Site and Extent of Remission:

The brain and pituitary regions remain the most common primary sites affected by spontaneous remission. However, remission has also been observed in the pineal gland, optic pathway, cerebellum, and skull base. Among reported cases, remission involved the primary tumor site in most patients, with multifocal or distant regression noted in a few, including corpus callosum and meningeal lesions. Several recent cases (2020–2025) described remission following radiotherapy or biopsy-related immune activation at the original site. The median follow-up across reported cases was around five years, with most patients maintaining long-term clinical stability or surviving well beyond this interval. Unlike several other malignancies where spontaneous remission may precede recurrence, most brain tumor cases exhibited durable remission and long-term disease control.

Table 1: Brain Tumor SR Cases and Clinical Characteristics

Author–year

Age/sex

Primary site

Remission site

Proposed mechanisms

Follow-up

Vogt, 19777

Not reported/F

Pituitary

Sella turcica

Not reported

Not reported

Vaughn et al., 19808

Not reported/F

Pituitary

Sella turcica

Not reported

Not reported

Zeller et al., 19829

18/F

Pituitary

Pituitary

Hormonal factors

Not reported

Lindholm et al., 198310

Not reported

Pituitary

Pituitary

Tumor necrosis

Not reported

Ikeda et al., 198711

29/F

Pituitary

Pituitary

Hormonal factors

4 months

Brzowski et al., 199212

6 weeks/F

Optic nerve

Optic nerve

Not reported

32 months

Liu et al., 199213

9/F

Optic nerve

Optic nerve

Immune mechanism

32 months

Liu et al., 199213

16/M

Optic nerve

Optic nerve

Immune mechanism

9 years

Liu et al., 199213

22/F

Optic nerve

Optic nerve

Immune mechanism

5 years

Lindvall et al., 200814

61/M

Brain

Frontal and trigone regions

VEGF regulation

1 year

Huang et al., 201315

68/F

Brain

Corpus callosum

Infection resolution

1 year

Hirota et al., 201416

66/Not reported

Falx cerebri

Falx cerebri

Tumor calcification

7 years

Durnford et al., 201417

60/F

Hypoglossal canal

Hypoglossal canal

Not reported

3 years

Pruzan et al., 201518

15 months/M

Optic chiasm

Optic tracts and midbrain

Not reported

Several months

Peddi et al., 201619

55/M

Frontal lobes

Frontal lobes

Drug-induced effect

2 years

Mattogno et al., 201620

15/F

Pineal gland

Pineal gland

Tumor apoplexy

1 year

Mattogno et al., 201620

12/F

Pineal gland

Pineal gland

Tumor apoplexy

5 years

Mattogno et al., 201620

3 months/M

Pineal gland

Pineal gland

Tumor apoplexy

10 years

Spallone et al., 201621

44/M

Septum pellucidum

Septum pellucidum

Vascular coagulation

2 years

Schipmann et al., 201722

5/Not reported

Pineal gland

Pineal gland

Tumor apoplexy

30 months

Santander et al., 201723

54/F

Hypoglossal canal

Hypoglossal canal

Not reported

1 year

Ishihara et al., 201724

15/F

Brain stem

Brain stem

Biopsy-induced apoptosis

1 year

Sebök et al., 201825

61/Not reported

Vestibular nerves

Bilateral vestibular nerves

Vascular thrombosis

11 years

Eichberg et al., 201826

46/F

Pituitary gland

Pituitary gland

Tumor apoplexy

Not reported

Zhang et al., 201927

12/M

Suprasellar region

Corpus callosum

Immune reaction

3 months

Golub et al., 201928

84/M

Parietal region

Frontal region

Immune response

2.5 years

Yamaguchi et al., 201929

55/F

Medulla oblongata

Fourth ventricle

Immune response

1 month

Ghalaenovi et al., 201930

28/M

Pituitary gland

Pituitary gland

Not reported

1 year

Kumaria et al., 202031

51/F

Middle cranial fossa

Middle cranial fossa

Hormonal withdrawal

7 years

Gao et al., 202132

40/F

Temporal lobe

Temporal lobe

Viral antigenicity

Not reported

Noureldine et al., 202133

40 days/M

Brain

Brain and skin

Not reported

3 years

Aldakhil et al., 202234

70/F

Skull base and falx

Intracranial meningiomas

Abscopal effect

6 months

Elavarasi et al., 202235

46/M

Cerebellum

Cerebellar hemispheres

Steroid-induced regression

18 months

Pinkawa et al., 202536

66/F

Falx cerebri

Multiple meningiomas

Abscopal effect

7.5 years

Kameno et al., 201637

13-year-old female

Suprasellar mass

spontaneous regression of tumor and visual symptoms up to 2 years from initial dx/visit. Apoplexy ruled out clincially and on imaging.

Possible microhemorrhage, possible physiological enlargement followed by regression.

spontaneous regression of tumor and visual symptoms up to 2 years from initial dx/visit. Apoplexy ruled out clincially and on imaging.

Cefalo et al., 201438

6 months old with congenital cystic orbital mass at birth

Left congenital cystic eye with cerebellar lesion

spontaneous regression of cerebellar lesion at 6 months from time of diagnosis and confirmed at 24 months.

partial resection of congenital cyst may expose previously hidden antigens and induce immune resposnes. Also change in vascularity and gliosis as a reaction to partial resection.

spontaneous regression of cerebellar lesion at 6 months from time of diagnosis and confirmed at 24 months.

Yilmaz et al., 201639

17-year-old male

Extradural C2-C3 meningioma

MRI at 3 months showed regression to 35mm x 6mm. At 6 months - complete regression.

apoptosis, immune mediated

MRI at 3 months showed regression to 35mm x 6mm. At 6 months - complete regression.

Patra et al., 201740

36-year-old

hypothalamo-pituitary macroadenoma abutting optic chiasm

Underwent phlebotomy with with removal of 300 mL of venous blood for polycythemia. compression stockings and intermittent pneumatic compression device were used for VTE prophylaxis. Endocrine management with intravenous hydrocortisone (200 mg/day in four divided dosages) initially, followed by oral hydrocortisone (15 mg/day) and Levothyroxine (50 mcg/day). Three months after his initial presentation, conjunctival plethora and hyperhidrosis subsided while a repeat bone marrow biopsy documented a normocellular marrow. In view of pituitary apoplexy and subsequent normal insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels with glucose-suppressed growth hormones (GH) at 3 months, therapy for acromegaly (either surgical or medical) was not considered.

Explained by Pituitary apoplexy which was likely a manifestation of polycythaemia that led to cure of acromegaly, which in turn resulted in remission of polycythaemia.

Underwent phlebotomy with with removal of 300 mL of venous blood for polycythemia. compression stockings and intermittent pneumatic compression device were used for VTE prophylaxis. Endocrine management with intravenous hydrocortisone (200 mg/day in four divided dosages) initially, followed by oral hydrocortisone (15 mg/day) and Levothyroxine (50 mcg/day). Three months after his initial presentation, conjunctival plethora and hyperhidrosis subsided while a repeat bone marrow biopsy documented a normocellular marrow. In view of pituitary apoplexy and subsequent normal insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels with glucose-suppressed growth hormones (GH) at 3 months, therapy for acromegaly (either surgical or medical) was not considered.

Chentli et al., 201241

9.5-year-old male

pituitary

Visual acuity normalized after 2 months, and an MRI showed a spontaneous reduction of the pituitary tumor.

None reported

Visual acuity normalized after 2 months, and an MRI showed a spontaneous reduction of the pituitary tumor.

Zieliński et al., 201342

59-year-old post menopausal female, obese

Pituitary tumor apoplexy

Treated conservatively because of lack of consent for surgical intervention. Patient`s neurological state gradually and uneventfully improved. The visual abnormalities and right sixth cranial nerve paresis completely resolved. The patient was finally discharged on the 16th day of hospital stay on hydrocortisone replace- ment therapy. The next hormones assessment performed three months later revealed multihormonal insufficiency of the anterior pituitary. Levothyroxine supplementation at a dose of 50 μg/24 h was initiated, and hydrocortisone replacement therapy was continued. MRI of the pituitary performed three months later revealed no residual pituitary adenoma and a picture of secondary empatienty sella with slight displacement of the optic chiasm into the sella. The patient was followed-up in the outpatient clinic. MRI repeated five years after the incidence of PA showed no signs of tumour re-growth. A complete insufficiency of the anterior lobe of the pituitary was .confirmed, and continuous replacement therapy with hydrocortisone and Levothyroxine was continued.

Treated conservatively because of lack of consent for surgical intervention. Patient`s neurological state gradually and uneventfully improved. The visual abnormalities and right sixth cranial nerve paresis completely resolved. The patient was finally discharged on the 16th day of hospital stay on hydrocortisone replace- ment therapy. The next hormones assessment performed three months later revealed multihormonal insufficiency of the anterior pituitary. Levothyroxine supplementation at a dose of 50 μg/24 h was initiated, and hydrocortisone replacement therapy was continued. MRI of the pituitary performed three months later revealed no residual pituitary adenoma and a picture of secondary empatienty sella with slight displacement of the optic chiasm into the sella. The patient was followed-up in the outpatient clinic. MRI repeated five years after the incidence of PA showed no signs of tumour re-growth. A complete insufficiency of the anterior lobe of the pituitary was .confirmed, and continuous replacement therapy with hydrocortisone and Levothyroxine was continued.

Amico et al., 199043

26-year-old female, 10 years history of headaches

sellar mass, most likely hypothalamic hamARToma

In February 1985, resolution of galactorrhea and decreased frequency of headaches. One month later she stopped estrogen-progesterone treatment and within two months had spontaneous menses, resolution of headaches, decrease in weight to 68 kg and an improved sense of well-being. On a repeat CT scan in May 1985, the hypothalamic lesion was unchanged in size. hormonal testing was normal and thyroxine and steroids were stopped. She remained asymptomatic and was reevaluated in September 1986. Anterior pituitary dynamics were normal except for GH. MRI done in January and September 1986 and August 1988 confirmed the persistence of the well-defined broad-based pedunculated mass arising from the hypothalamus and protruding into the suprasellar Cistern. Imaging showed no change in the mass since 1984. Static testing of anterior pituitary function in 1987, 1988, and 1989 was normal. The patient remained asymptomatic.

Possible shrinkage in size (impercepatientible via imaging) due to rupture of a cyst/ hemorrhage.

In February 1985, resolution of galactorrhea and decreased frequency of headaches. One month later she stopped estrogen-progesterone treatment and within two months had spontaneous menses, resolution of headaches, decrease in weight to 68 kg and an improved sense of well-being. On a repeat CT scan in May 1985, the hypothalamic lesion was unchanged in size. hormonal testing was normal and thyroxine and steroids were stopped. She remained asymptomatic and was reevaluated in September 1986. Anterior pituitary dynamics were normal except for GH. MRI done in January and September 1986 and August 1988 confirmed the persistence of the well-defined broad-based pedunculated mass arising from the hypothalamus and protruding into the suprasellar Cistern. Imaging showed no change in the mass since 1984. Static testing of anterior pituitary function in 1987, 1988, and 1989 was normal. The patient remained asymptomatic.

Cinar et al., 201344

A 38 year-old man with excessive sweating, joint pain, sleep apnea, decreased libido and erectile dysfunction. He also reported enlargement of his hand and foot size for about five years. He had been diabetic and hypertensive for about one year.

pituitary macroadenoma

Sella MRI taken three months after pituitary

Sella MRI taken three months after pituitary

Armstrong et al., 199145

66-year-old male with CAD, heart failure

pituitary macroadenoma

36 hrs after CABG, he developed pituitary apoplexy. started on iv dexamethasone. symptoms improved over next 3 days. CT after 15 days showed regressing tumor. Continued on hormonal replacement but visual symptoms improved MRI 11 month later confirmed involution of tumor.

Tumor infarction

36 hrs after CABG, he developed pituitary apoplexy. started on iv dexamethasone. symptoms improved over next 3 days. CT after 15 days showed regressing tumor. Continued on hormonal replacement but visual symptoms improved MRI 11 month later confirmed involution of tumor.

Di et al., 200146

16 -year-old female, Italian

Pineal Gland

after the endoscopic third-ventriculostomy nearly immediately resolved the headaches 6 months later, MRI found the ventricular system and the cyst reduced in size, after another 6 months, MRI confirmed normalization of the ventricles and reduced cyst size. 1 year later, MRI showed complete normalization in volume and shape of ventricular system and significant reduction in size of the pineal cystic lesion. 3 years after the operation the cyst was barely recognizable in MRI

a third-ventriculostomy with subsequent normalization of intraventricular pressure through displacement of fluid from the cystic cavity into the third ventricle

after the endoscopic third-ventriculostomy nearly immediately resolved the headaches 6 months later, MRI found the ventricular system and the cyst reduced in size, after another 6 months, MRI confirmed normalization of the ventricles and reduced cyst size. 1 year later, MRI showed complete normalization in volume and shape of ventricular system and significant reduction in size of the pineal cystic lesion. 3 years after the operation the cyst was barely recognizable in MRI

Inaba et al., 200947

58 -year-old female, natural birthed one son with no complications, menopause occured at 56 -year-old Originally referred to treat polydipsia and polyuria which was present a months before admission, urine volume increased to 6000ml/day. She preferred cold water and lost 5kg in a months No major family histories, no abnormal findings in routine health check 149.5cm, 48.8kg, BMI 21.8kg/m^2

CNS/ pituitary gland and hypophyseal stalk

After DDAVP treatment, serum sodium level was 138 mmol/L, urinary osmolality was 216 mOsm/kgH2O, daily urinary volume was 2500 mL. 14 days after admission, MRI found the pituitary gland and hypophyseal stalk swelling disappeared, although high signal in posterior pituitary gland in T1 was still obscure. Uveitis was cleared, pulmonary/cutaneuous sarcoidosis was marginal 4 weeks after admission, serum ACE value was elevated to 25.1 U/mL, serum PRL value decreased to 33.1 ng/mL 16 weeks later, serum ACE value decreased to 22.7 U/mL, serum PRL value decreased to 28.4ng/mL Serum ACE level decreased with remission of CDI, elevated PRL decreased during recovery of ADH functions...suggestion that spontaneous remission of CDI was due to remission of CNS sarcoidosis, although remission of the sarcoidosis is still unknown

Sarcoidosis elucidated uveitis

After DDAVP treatment, serum sodium level was 138 mmol/L, urinary osmolality was 216 mOsm/kgH2O, daily urinary volume was 2500 mL. 14 days after admission, MRI found the pituitary gland and hypophyseal stalk swelling disappeared, although high signal in posterior pituitary gland in T1 was still obscure. Uveitis was cleared, pulmonary/cutaneuous sarcoidosis was marginal 4 weeks after admission, serum ACE value was elevated to 25.1 U/mL, serum PRL value decreased to 33.1 ng/mL 16 weeks later, serum ACE value decreased to 22.7 U/mL, serum PRL value decreased to 28.4ng/mL Serum ACE level decreased with remission of CDI, elevated PRL decreased during recovery of ADH functions...suggestion that spontaneous remission of CDI was due to remission of CNS sarcoidosis, although remission of the sarcoidosis is still unknown

Nishio et al., 200148

14 -year-old male

Pituitary gland

A week later, headaches disappeared, 3 months later, MRI found lesion had significantly decreased in size becoming just a small round hyperintensity in the pars intermedia region. At 6 and 12 months follow-ups, pituitary size was normal

Fluid in the cyst might have been resorbed or the cysts ruptured

A week later, headaches disappeared, 3 months later, MRI found lesion had significantly decreased in size becoming just a small round hyperintensity in the pars intermedia region. At 6 and 12 months follow-ups, pituitary size was normal

Nishio et al., 200148

31 -year-old female,

Pituitary gland

6 months after onset, cyst regressed in size. No regrowth has been observed in a 3-year follow-up MRI

Fluid in the cyst might have been resorbed or the cysts ruptured

6 months after onset, cyst regressed in size. No regrowth has been observed in a 3-year follow-up MRI

Sayama et al., 200649

36 -year-old male

cavum September pellucidum (CSP) Pituitary gland (left anterior)

"15 months later, there was no more bowing and septal wall width was 1 cm. ""spontaneous decompression"" No visible fenestration of follow-up MRI"

rupture of the cyst/ possible fenestration

"15 months later, there was no more bowing and septal wall width was 1 cm. ""spontaneous decompression"" No visible fenestration of follow-up MRI"

Terriff et al., 199250

34 -year-old male 1 year history of AIDS

CNS

after initial treatment, he was clinically mildly improved. A repeat DDD CT scan performed 2 weeks later showed a marked reduction in the enhancing ring and a decrease in the sie of the central area of low attenuation visible regression may have been due to massive necrosis

no major mechanism proposed

after initial treatment, he was clinically mildly improved. A repeat DDD CT scan performed 2 weeks later showed a marked reduction in the enhancing ring and a decrease in the sie of the central area of low attenuation visible regression may have been due to massive necrosis

Rubin et al., 198751

56 -year-old female

primary CNS (left fronto-parietal region, right centro-temporal regions)

At the 6 week follow-up, she felt perfectly well and her exam was normal. Despite a new nodule on CT, the original hadreturned to normal 4 months later, she was well and CT completely normalized 4 weeks after starting prednisone, she was seen feeling well and her neurological exam was unremarkable and her steroids were discontinued

steroids lymphoma cells may be sensitive to glucocorticoid-killing activity

At the 6 week follow-up, she felt perfectly well and her exam was normal. Despite a new nodule on CT, the original hadreturned to normal 4 months later, she was well and CT completely normalized 4 weeks after starting prednisone, she was seen feeling well and her neurological exam was unremarkable and her steroids were discontinued

Weingarten et al., 198352

69 -year-old female

intracerebral (frontal lobe)

The serial CTs demonstrated a decrease in size, denisty and enhancement of the lesions, and regression of the white-matter edema

no major mechanism proposed mention of vessel invasion that may lead to occlusion with secondary infarction and/or hemorrhage into tumor tissue

The serial CTs demonstrated a decrease in size, denisty and enhancement of the lesions, and regression of the white-matter edema

Weingarten et al., 198352

61 -year-old male he had been treated with radiotherapy for lymphoma of the sphenoid sinus and nasopharynx (erroneously diagnosed as an anaplastic carcinoma) three years previously

intracerebral (septum pellucidum, CC, right BG)

over the next months, without specific therapy, the patient improved clinically and serial CTs demonstrated a decrease in the size, density, and enhancement of the lesions and resolution of mass effect lesions involuted again after steroids

no major mechanism proposed mention of vessel invasion that may lead to occlusion with secondary infarction and/or hemorrhage into tumor tissue

over the next months, without specific therapy, the patient improved clinically and serial CTs demonstrated a decrease in the size, density, and enhancement of the lesions and resolution of mass effect lesions involuted again after steroids

Weingarten et al., 198352

69 -year-old female

intracerebral (right cerebral peduncle, caudate nucleus)

Serial CTs over the next two weeks with and without contrast demonstrated a gradual regression in lesion density and mass effect Minimal contrast enhancement was identified on the second study but subsequently resolved

no major mechanism proposed mention of vessel invasion that may lead to occlusion with secondary infarction and/or hemorrhage into tumor tissue

Serial CTs over the next two weeks with and without contrast demonstrated a gradual regression in lesion density and mass effect Minimal contrast enhancement was identified on the second study but subsequently resolved

Weingarten et al., 198352

60 -year-old female

intracerebral (left parietal parasgittal corightex)

the large temporal lobe lesion with minimal nodular enhancement and extensive edema slowly regressed without therapy the lesion size decreased markedly after biopsy and steroid treatment remains alive with fixed nonprogressive neurologic deficit four years after the initial diagnosis

no major mechanism proposed mention of vessel invasion that may lead to occlusion with secondary infarction and/or hemorrhage into tumor tissue

the large temporal lobe lesion with minimal nodular enhancement and extensive edema slowly regressed without therapy the lesion size decreased markedly after biopsy and steroid treatment remains alive with fixed nonprogressive neurologic deficit four years after the initial diagnosis

Sugita et al., 198853

63 -year-old female

intracranial (right frontal and parietal lobes)

from the time of admission and the CT on September 24th, neurological status gradually improved and the size of the mass lesions had markedly decreased MRI on Nov 18th showed disappearance of the mass lesions, she was discharged and followed up as an outpatient she was discharged without any neurological deficits on April 6th, 1986

the altered immunologic competence of the host may have temporarily reduced the size of the lymphoma tissue

from the time of admission and the CT on September 24th, neurological status gradually improved and the size of the mass lesions had markedly decreased MRI on Nov 18th showed disappearance of the mass lesions, she was discharged and followed up as an outpatient she was discharged without any neurological deficits on April 6th, 1986

Hernandez et al., 201354

65 -year-old male history of pulmonary thromboembolism 2 years before which need treatment with acenocoumarol for 6 months. was not taking any medication at admission

cerebral, right frontal CC, reaching the contralateral hemisphere

4 months later the patient was aympatientomatic and leading a normal life MRI performed showed nearly complete disappearance of the lesions and no contrast uptake in any of them

Immune theory Higher percentages of natural killer cells no major proposed mechanism for this case

4 months later the patient was aympatientomatic and leading a normal life MRI performed showed nearly complete disappearance of the lesions and no contrast uptake in any of them

Kon et al., 200355

61 -year-old male, pediatrician September 1996

CNS (corpus callosum, tectum)

in august 2000, the lesion in the corpus callosum disappeared, but the tectum lesion was unchanged

no specific mechanism proposed for this case, but it was alluded that immunological competence of the host has influence it may be immunophenotypic or henotypic characteristic, although is unknown

in august 2000, the lesion in the corpus callosum disappeared, but the tectum lesion was unchanged

Korner et al., 201156

53 -year-old male liver transplantion 30 months prior to presentation due to hepatitis B cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma

brain (CNS)

initial follow-up MRI found the lesion regressed compared to initial findings one months later, patient was symptom free, MRI showed a regression of the contrast enhancement but also new involvement of the deep white matter of the right hemisphere with radiation therapy and immunosuppressant reduction, remarkable reduction of the tumor was achieved

infarction and necrosis, although unlikely the resolution of an infection or non-neoplastic process induced a resolution of the lesion

initial follow-up MRI found the lesion regressed compared to initial findings one months later, patient was symptom free, MRI showed a regression of the contrast enhancement but also new involvement of the deep white matter of the right hemisphere with radiation therapy and immunosuppressant reduction, remarkable reduction of the tumor was achieved

Partap & Spence et al., 200657

45 -year-old male no previous steroid treatments

primary CNS, multiple brain regions

a week after finding for three large lesions, MRI appeared stable and remained stable for 4 months after finding the new lesions, an MRI a months later revealed remarkable improvement in the right sided lesions with continued malignant cells that were seen after treatment and radiotherapy, he has survived independently 18 months after diagnosis with stable MRI and neurobiological findings, cheif deficits are hypophonia and bradykinesia

natural killer cells triggered by an immune response may have reduced the tumor burden

a week after finding for three large lesions, MRI appeared stable and remained stable for 4 months after finding the new lesions, an MRI a months later revealed remarkable improvement in the right sided lesions with continued malignant cells that were seen after treatment and radiotherapy, he has survived independently 18 months after diagnosis with stable MRI and neurobiological findings, cheif deficits are hypophonia and bradykinesia

Fric et al., 199058

21- year-old male

Cerebral post-transplantation lymphoma

Reduction of immunosuppressive therapy induced complete remission verified by CCT & MRI

None reported

Reduction of immunosuppressive therapy induced complete remission verified by CCT & MRI

Popa, 202159

51-year-old woman. History of severe hypertension on four drug combination therapy, type 2 diabetes, chronic viral hepatitis C

Pituitary gland

At that time, the pituitary-adrenal axis was normal, and the pituitary MRI revealed no pituitary mass as well as no signs of hemorrhage or infarction

None reported

At that time, the pituitary-adrenal axis was normal, and the pituitary MRI revealed no pituitary mass as well as no signs of hemorrhage or infarction

Esquivel, 202460

14-year-old female

Pituitary gland

Weeks after the headache episode, acute adrenal insufficiency was suspected and confirmed by a cortisol level of 4.06 μg/dL. Treatment with intravenous hydrocortisone 50 mg every six hours was initiated, leading to complete resolution of symptoms within 72 hours. The patient was discharged on maintenance therapy with oral hydrocortisone (20 mg in the morning and 10 mg at night).

pituitary apoplexy (PA)

Weeks after the headache episode, acute adrenal insufficiency was suspected and confirmed by a cortisol level of 4.06 μg/dL. Treatment with intravenous hydrocortisone 50 mg every six hours was initiated, leading to complete resolution of symptoms within 72 hours. The patient was discharged on maintenance therapy with oral hydrocortisone (20 mg in the morning and 10 mg at night).

Hasebe, 202361

31-year-old woman

pituitary gland

1 year after presentation, she underwent a follow-up MRI that demonstrated the spontaneous regression of the pituitary stalk enlargement

None reported

1 year after presentation, she underwent a follow-up MRI that demonstrated the spontaneous regression of the pituitary stalk enlargement

Ramos, 201862

50-year-old female, medicated with a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (escitalopram), bromazepam and oral contraceptive

Brain

May 2014: without any type of medication and after clinical improvement of the visual complaints. The MRI showed remission of the suprasellar lesion.

concomitant viral infection leading to an increased number of body natural killer cells, which attack the tumor cells.

May 2014: without any type of medication and after clinical improvement of the visual complaints. The MRI showed remission of the suprasellar lesion.

Dawoud, 202163

32-year-old woman, gravida 2 para 1, at 37 weeks of gestation

Left eye

Five days after cesarean birth, the ptosis significantly improved; 2 weeks later, the diplopia resolved.

None reported

Five days after cesarean birth, the ptosis significantly improved; 2 weeks later, the diplopia resolved.

Siwatoki, 202064

59-year-old female with a past medical history of hypertension (triamterene-hydrochlorothiazide), diabetes Mellitus type 2 (insulin glargine 25 units daily and insulin lispro 6 units 3 times daily before meals, in addition to metformin) gastroesophageal reflux disease, bilateral cataracts, and obstructive sleep apnea. family history of brain aneurysmal rupture

pituitary gland

After the endocrinology consultation, on repeat laboratory testing, she was noted to have a normal am cortisol and normal urine free cortisol. IGF-1, free T4, and TSH were also within normal ranges. 3 months later a MRI brain scan, revealed an interval decrease in the size of the pituitary lesion, now measuring approximately 11 mm in craniocaudal dimension. extension to the optic chiasm was no longer present. Additionally, a hypoenhancing region below the gland was noted, scalloping the sphenoid bone suggestive of residual adenoma and measuring approximately 8 mm in diameter

auto-infarction of her adenoma

After the endocrinology consultation, on repeat laboratory testing, she was noted to have a normal am cortisol and normal urine free cortisol. IGF-1, free T4, and TSH were also within normal ranges. 3 months later a MRI brain scan, revealed an interval decrease in the size of the pituitary lesion, now measuring approximately 11 mm in craniocaudal dimension. extension to the optic chiasm was no longer present. Additionally, a hypoenhancing region below the gland was noted, scalloping the sphenoid bone suggestive of residual adenoma and measuring approximately 8 mm in diameter

Van & Oven et al., 202065

31-year-old woman, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, polycystic ovary syndrome, and hypothyroidism, all diagnosed within a timeframe of three years.

pituitary gland

diagnosis of Cushing’s disease cured by pituitary apoplexy was established

Pituitary apoplexy

diagnosis of Cushing’s disease cured by pituitary apoplexy was established

Alam, 202166

40-year-old male, history of holocranial headaches for the past 16 years

pituitary gland

clinical and biochemical markers of acromegaly activity were normal, suggestive of inactive disease. MRI showed enlarged pituitary fossa, a 12-mm macroadenoma in the right half of the pituitary gland, and evidence of hemorrhage within the mass.

pituitary apoplexy

clinical and biochemical markers of acromegaly activity were normal, suggestive of inactive disease. MRI showed enlarged pituitary fossa, a 12-mm macroadenoma in the right half of the pituitary gland, and evidence of hemorrhage within the mass.

Komić, 202167

54-year-old man

pituitary gland

Preoperative MRI, which was performed exactly 28 days after the first one, showed the pituitary of appropriate dimensions for age, without any signs of adenoma, discretely raised right half of the adenohypophysis with the visible dominant high intensity signal on T1-weighted images, size 7x2x6 mm, with mixed signal intensity on T2-weighted images. At the 3-month follow-up an endocrinological re-evaluation was consistent with normal function of all pituitary cells. Repeated MRI showed a distinctly thinned pituitary gland leaning broadly against the bottom of the sella, consistent with the partially empty sella, without any signs of adenoma

most likely because of infarction, hem- orrhage and necrosis.

Preoperative MRI, which was performed exactly 28 days after the first one, showed the pituitary of appropriate dimensions for age, without any signs of adenoma, discretely raised right half of the adenohypophysis with the visible dominant high intensity signal on T1-weighted images, size 7x2x6 mm, with mixed signal intensity on T2-weighted images. At the 3-month follow-up an endocrinological re-evaluation was consistent with normal function of all pituitary cells. Repeated MRI showed a distinctly thinned pituitary gland leaning broadly against the bottom of the sella, consistent with the partially empty sella, without any signs of adenoma

Machado, 201368

36 year-old female

pituitary gland

After two months, while she was waiting for pituitary surgery without any clinical treatment, she presented spontaneous resolution of CS. Subsequent pituitary MRI showed tumor shrinkage with disappearance of optic chiasmatic compression.

None reported

After two months, while she was waiting for pituitary surgery without any clinical treatment, she presented spontaneous resolution of CS. Subsequent pituitary MRI showed tumor shrinkage with disappearance of optic chiasmatic compression.

Kim, 202269

73-year-old female. She was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with metformin

brain

Ten years later, she was admitted due to decreased cognitive function five years ago. MRI showed shrinkage of the meningioma to a size of 42.66×31.72×54.92 mm

calcification of arteries can occur due to old age and DM, followed by a decrease in blood supply in tumor, which leads to a decrease in tumor size.

Ten years later, she was admitted due to decreased cognitive function five years ago. MRI showed shrinkage of the meningioma to a size of 42.66×31.72×54.92 mm

Yang, 202370

one-year-old boy

skin

One year later, the tumour regressed spontaneously.

None reported

One year later, the tumour regressed spontaneously.

Yamaguchy, 201971

55-year-old woman

brain

Regression of the lesion was revealed in the second head MRI scan performed 1 month after the initial preoperative assessment

there might be a possibility that the immune response was triggered for some reasons

Regression of the lesion was revealed in the second head MRI scan performed 1 month after the initial preoperative assessment

Jacobsson et al., 198972

a man born in 1964

The tumor eventually became involuted; eight years after the initial diagnosis, there was no evidence by computed tomographic scans of intracranial growth of the tumor

The tumor eventually became involuted; eight years after the initial diagnosis, there was no evidence by computed tomographic scans of intracranial growth of the tumor

Smithers, 196273

Spontaneous tumour regression

balance in tissue growth

Spontaneous tumour regression

Kowada et al., 197474

A 42-year-old male

The previously revealed aneurysm was not demonstrated by angiography carried out the following day and again 2 weeks later

The previously revealed aneurysm was not demonstrated by angiography carried out the following day and again 2 weeks later

Nishio et al., 200675

Cakirer et al., 200476

Choudhari et al., 200177

Dutta et al., 201078

Foroughi et al., 201179

Gunny et al., 200480

Gunny et al., 200581

Kano et al., 200982

Kiratli et al., 200283

Miwa et al., 200984

Mulyawan et al., 200085

Murai et al., 200086

Murphy et al., 200487

Nagai et al., 200688

Nishioka et al., 200589

Ono et al., 201190

Palma et al., 200491

Parsa et al., 200192

Penido Nde et al., 200793

Piccirilli et al., 200694

Pignatta et al., 200495

Sakai et al., 201196

Schmandt et al., 200097

Schomerus et al., 200798

Shimizu et al., 200899

Song et al., 2002100

Steinbok et al., 2006101

Su et al., 2003102

Tabori et al., 2006103

Wu et al., 2007104

Yamashita et al., 2004105

Yasumoto et al., 2006106

Yoneoka et al., 2011107

Yoshikawa et al., 2003108

Yoshino et al., 2005109

Nagasaki et al., 2009110

Katoh et al., 2010111

Weigl, 2000112

Frenkel et al., 2011113

Vince et al., 2004114

Takada et al.115

Kheiri et al.116

Gandhoke et al.117

Körner et al., 2011118

Hernández Rubio119

Loh et al., 2013120

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