Breast cancer - Spontaneous Remission Database

Breast Cancer

Epidemiology:

Breast cancer is widely recognized as one of the most prevalent cancers affecting women globally, with an estimated 0.3 million new cases reported in the United States alone in 2023 ¹. Despite significant advancements in treatment modalities, spontaneous remission (SR) in breast cancer remains an exceedingly rare phenomenon; documented instances of SR typically constitute less than 5% of total breast cancer cases ². Epidemiological evidence suggests that various biological and environmental factors may contribute to the cessation of tumor growth or regression, although the mechanisms behind SR are not well understood ³. As SR events are often only distinguished in cases of dramatic and sustained tumor reduction, the true prevalence of these occurrences likely goes underreported, complicating efforts to fully comprehend the potential for spontaneous regression within the patient population ⁴.

Clinical Characteristics:

To date, there have been over 35 reported cases of SR of either primary or metastatic breast carcinoma. Several clinical patterns emerge from the documented cases. The age at the time of regression ranges from 31 to 86 years, with a peak incidence between 50 and 70 years. All reported cases involve females, consistent with the gender distribution of breast cancer. Remission has been observed in both primary breast tumors and metastatic sites, most frequently within the breast itself, though instances have also been documented in the axillary lymph nodes, pleura, bone, skin, and lungs. See Table 1 below for detailed case information.

Histological Characteristics:

Patients who experienced spontaneous remission of breast carcinoma typically presented with palpable breast masses or radiologic abnormalities consistent with malignancy, and the diagnosis was confirmed through histopathological examination of biopsy or surgical specimens demonstrating invasive carcinoma. Most cases involved localized disease confined to the breast, although remission was also observed in regional or distant sites, including the axillary lymph nodes, pleura, bone, lungs, and skin. Remission was verified by follow-up imaging or histological assessment showing complete disappearance or marked reduction of malignant cells. Nearly all SR cases were associated with durable clinical stability or long-term remission, far exceeding the expected course of untreated breast cancer.

Proposed Contributing Mechanisms:

Multiple mechanisms have been proposed to explain spontaneous remission in breast carcinoma. The most frequently reported involve immune activation triggered by biopsy-induced trauma, which may stimulate local or systemic antitumor immune responses leading to tumor remission. Other hypothesized contributors include hormonal influences such as menopause-related changes, infection-induced immune stimulation, ischemic or vascular events, and immune-mediated cytotoxic responses. Historical cases also referenced factors like erysipelas infection, arsenic exposure, or dietary and hygienic interventions, whereas more recent reports emphasize immune mechanisms involving tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and immunogenic cell death. Collectively, these observations suggest that spontaneous regression in breast carcinoma likely results from a complex interplay of immunologic, vascular, and hormonal pathways.

Site and Extent of Remission:

The breast was the primary site in all reported cases of spontaneous remission of breast carcinoma, with remission most frequently observed in the primary tumor itself rather than in metastatic sites. When metastases were involved, remission was most commonly noted in the axillary lymph nodes, followed by the pleura, bone, skin, and lungs. A few cases also documented remission at mastectomy or biopsy sites, often attributed to trauma-induced or immune-mediated mechanisms. In several modern reports, remission occurred following biopsy-induced immune activation, vascular thrombosis, or immune-mediated cytotoxic responses. The follow-up duration among these cases ranged from a few months to several decades, with many patients maintaining prolonged remission or clinical stability. Unlike most solid tumors, spontaneous remission in breast carcinoma has occasionally been complete and durable, highlighting its distinctive immunobiological characteristics.

Table 1: Breast Cancer SR Cases and Clinical Characteristics

Author–year	Age/sex	Primary site	Remission site	Proposed mechanisms	Follow-up
Mohr, 1888⁵	83/F	Breast	Breast	Erysipelas infection, Arsenic effect	Not reported
Gould, 1897⁶	43/F	Breast	Breasts, Lung, Femur	Not reported	Not reported
Osler, 1901⁷	31/F	Breast	Sternum, Right eye	Not reported	Not reported
Steward, 1925⁸	81/F	Breast	Not reported	Dormant carcinoma cells	31 years
Bowlby, 1925⁹	Not reported	Breast	Not reported	Not reported	24 years
Bulkley, 1925¹⁰	45/F	Breast	Breast, Axillary glands	Dietary and hygienic measures	29 years
Bulkley, 1925¹⁰	44/F	Breast	Breast, Axillary glands	Very active treatment	19 years
Bulkley, 1925¹⁰	44/F	Breast	Breast	Very active measures	16 years
Bulkley, 1925¹⁰	38/F	Breast	Breast, Axillary glands	Dietetic, hygienic, and medical treatment	9 years
Smithers, 1952¹¹	46/F	Breast	Breast	Menopause	16 months
Smithers, 1952¹¹	Not reported/F	Breast	Breast	Menopause, Homeopathy	Not reported
Smithers, 1952¹¹	64/F	Breast	Breast	Menopause related	Not reported
Dao, 1962¹²	65/F	Breast	Lungs	Altered adrenal cortical activity	17 months
Bloom et al., 1962¹³	Not reported/F	Breast	Not reported	Not reported	8 years 3 months
Lewison, 1976¹⁴	Not reported/F	Breast	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
Meares, 1976¹⁵	49/F	Breast	Breasts, Spine	Intensive meditation	Not reported
Krutchik et al., 1978¹⁶	60/F	Breast	Ribs, Pleura	Immunological factors	Not reported
Meares, 1977¹⁷	49/F	Breast	Not reported	Intensive meditation	Not reported
Meares, 1981¹⁸	54/F	Breast	Mastectomy scar	Intensive meditation	Not reported
Ross et al., 1982¹⁹	60/F	Breast	Pleura, Bone	Not reported	72 months
Nauts, 1984²⁰	42/F	Breast	Breast	Toxin therapy	48 years
Bezic, 2008²¹	43/F	Breast	Breast	Foreign body giant cell reaction	Not reported
Oya et al., 2009²²	71/F	Breast	Breast	Biopsy-induced trauma, immune response	Not reported
Takayama et al., 2019²³	67/F	Breast	Axillary lymph node	Immunological reactions	Not reported
Cserni et al., 2019²⁴	72/F	Breast	Breast, Axillary lymph nodes	Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes	Not reported
Tomasini, 2020²⁵	86/F	Breast	Skin (cutaneous metastases)	Cytotoxic immune response	6 months
Ohara et al., 2021²⁶	59/F	Breast	Breast	Immunogenic cell death	Not reported
Sasamoto et al., 2023²⁷	52/F	Breast	Breast, Axillary lymph nodes	Biopsy-induced immune response	Not reported
Qureshi et al., 2023²⁸	84/F	Breast	Breast	Biopsy-induced immune response	Not reported
Yilmaz et al., 2024²⁹	65/F	Breast	Breast	Biopsy-induced trauma	Not reported
Yilmaz et al., 2024²⁹	65/F	Breast	Breast	Biopsy-induced trauma	Not reported
Kannari et al., 2025³⁰	81/F	Breast	Breast	Vascular thrombosis	Not reported
Spiegel et al., 1989³¹
Nakagawa et al., 1981³²	Patients who experienced spontaneous regression had a marked tendency to repress their feelings. After they knew they had cancer, they stopped their bad habits completely and started to live a meaningful life on a day-to-day basis by doing service for their surroundings. Showed no sign of depression, fear of death or loss of meaning of life after cancer was diagnosed.		Spontaneous regression		Spontaneous regression
Puah, 2011³³	64-year old Chinese woman with history of asthma with previous prednisolone usage, diabetes mellitus and breast cancer; menopause at 54 years and had been on alendronate for 1 year for osteopenia	stress fracture in right femoral shaft	radiographs at 3- months follow up showed fracture healing; bone density scan 3 years since stopping alendronate was normal; repeat Tc-99 bone scan showed reduced update of tracer at right femur compared to previous bone scan, consistent with healing fracture	none stated, other than drug holiday	radiographs at 3- months follow up showed fracture healing; bone density scan 3 years since stopping alendronate was normal; repeat Tc-99 bone scan showed reduced update of tracer at right femur compared to previous bone scan, consistent with healing fracture
Matusuda et al., 2014³⁴	47 -year-old female Japanese history suggested no precedence of malignant lymphomas premenopausal	right breast	Histological exam of the resected mass revealed a profoundly different view at low power, compared with that of the preoperative Vacora biopsy diffuse albeit vaguely nodular infiltration of lymphoid cells present in the preoperative biopsy diminished or disappeared postop the lymphoid infiltrate postop was dramatically decreased, only remaining in the narrow vicinity of the flourishing cancerous lesion as a feathery cuff postop - plasmacytic differentiation was not evident as observed in the preop biopsy there was no observation in any histological evidence of the residual MALT lymphoma in the vicinity of the carcinoma in the resected specimen SR of the MALT lymphoma originally detected in the preop Vacora biopsy was confirmed while the invasive ductal carcinoma remained exam of the sentinel lymph nodes showed no evidence of lymphoma cells as well as cancerous metastasis 6 months follow-up after the operation showed evidence of no recurrence of both lesions the interval between diagnostic biospy and confirmation of regression was approx. 1.5 months	needle trauma with possibility of hormonal factors due to being pre-menopausal	Histological exam of the resected mass revealed a profoundly different view at low power, compared with that of the preoperative Vacora biopsy diffuse albeit vaguely nodular infiltration of lymphoid cells present in the preoperative biopsy diminished or disappeared postop the lymphoid infiltrate postop was dramatically decreased, only remaining in the narrow vicinity of the flourishing cancerous lesion as a feathery cuff postop - plasmacytic differentiation was not evident as observed in the preop biopsy there was no observation in any histological evidence of the residual MALT lymphoma in the vicinity of the carcinoma in the resected specimen SR of the MALT lymphoma originally detected in the preop Vacora biopsy was confirmed while the invasive ductal carcinoma remained exam of the sentinel lymph nodes showed no evidence of lymphoma cells as well as cancerous metastasis 6 months follow-up after the operation showed evidence of no recurrence of both lesions the interval between diagnostic biospy and confirmation of regression was approx. 1.5 months
Dussan, 2008³⁵	68 Year old female nonsmoker regular menstrual period since the age of 14 years and a history of oral contraceptives history of a rapidly growing painless firm lump, initially of 1 cm in diameter extending to a large solid regular tumor in the upper outer quadrant of her right breast	right breast with metastases to lymph nodes in right axilla	After recovery, on the date of surgery the tumor disappeared, and, in addition, it was not found in tissue specimens obtained from quadrantectomy.	none reported	After recovery, on the date of surgery the tumor disappeared, and, in addition, it was not found in tissue specimens obtained from quadrantectomy.
Sadatomo, 2011³⁶	50 year old female	Breast with lung metastases	The hemoglobin and inflammation markers (CRP) returned to the normal range after surgery. Approximately 3 months later, follow-up CT and PET scans revealed that the multiple lung metastases had disappeared.	Host immune system	The hemoglobin and inflammation markers (CRP) returned to the normal range after surgery. Approximately 3 months later, follow-up CT and PET scans revealed that the multiple lung metastases had disappeared.
Mackay, 1907³⁷	37-year-old female	Breast with metastases to other breast (1904) and to left and right axilla (1906) recurrence in first breast 13 months post-mastectomy Nodules on clavicle and sternum	By December 28th of 1906 the patient reached clinical remission		By December 28th of 1906 the patient reached clinical remission
Mackay, 1907³⁷	Miss X.Y., aged 37		improvement in general condition, decrease in respiration rate to 24, disappearance of fluid from chest, lightening of skin discoloration, disappearance of left breast, empty left axilla, improvement in right axilla, cessation of cough	absorption of thoracic exudation, contact of serum with malignant growth	improvement in general condition, decrease in respiration rate to 24, disappearance of fluid from chest, lightening of skin discoloration, disappearance of left breast, empty left axilla, improvement in right axilla, cessation of cough
Hodenpyl, 1910³⁸	37-year-old female	Breast with metastases to other breast and liver	All the tumour gradually dwindled and disappeared.	Immune related vs accumulation of antagnoistic tumor cell growth substances	All the tumour gradually dwindled and disappeared.
Hodenpyl, 1910³⁸	Woman, 37 years of age		Tumors in the neck and breast gradually dwindled and disappeared, abdominal tumors gradually grew smaller and became imperceptible, liver became smoother and smaller, liver is approximately normal in size and position	Selective necrotizing effects upon carcinoma cells of the ascitic fluid from a recovered case	Tumors in the neck and breast gradually dwindled and disappeared, abdominal tumors gradually grew smaller and became imperceptible, liver became smoother and smaller, liver is approximately normal in size and position
D'Alessandris, 2023³⁹	76-year-old woman	breast	Lumpectomy and sentinel node biopsy were performed. Histological examination revealed diffuse fibrosis without residual neoplastic cells. Immunohistochemistry showed that the majority of inflammatory cells were represented by T lymphocytes.	local trauma induced by fine-needle aspiration may have triggered the immune response following the possible release of a segregated tumor antigen.	Lumpectomy and sentinel node biopsy were performed. Histological examination revealed diffuse fibrosis without residual neoplastic cells. Immunohistochemistry showed that the majority of inflammatory cells were represented by T lymphocytes.
D'Alessandris, 2023³⁹	80-year-old woman	breast	She underwent a radical mastectomy plus axillary lymphadenectomy. Histological examination showed diffuse fibro-inflammatory changes associated with a single residual focus of neoplastic cells measuring 3 mm in size.	an unknown traumatic event, probably related to the biopsy procedure, may have triggered an excessive immune response leading to tumor regression.	She underwent a radical mastectomy plus axillary lymphadenectomy. Histological examination showed diffuse fibro-inflammatory changes associated with a single residual focus of neoplastic cells measuring 3 mm in size.
Kong, 2021⁴⁰	38-year-old female. History of stage IV breast cancer with bone metastases	femur	2 years later, she stated that her symptoms had been well-controlled with physical therapy and reported an overall improvement in pain. Radiographs of the femur and pelvis were then obtained and revealed a pathologic left femoral neck chronic impacted fracture. The fracture was noted to be healed, although in a varus position with a decreased femoral neck-shaft angle.	None reported	2 years later, she stated that her symptoms had been well-controlled with physical therapy and reported an overall improvement in pain. Radiographs of the femur and pelvis were then obtained and revealed a pathologic left femoral neck chronic impacted fracture. The fracture was noted to be healed, although in a varus position with a decreased femoral neck-shaft angle.
Lilienthal, 1913⁴¹	Mrs. X., 58-years-old, mother of five children		The wound healed with a resulting soft cicatrix, and the patient has remained well for years with no local relapse or metastasis		The wound healed with a resulting soft cicatrix, and the patient has remained well for years with no local relapse or metastasis
Boyd, 1914⁴²	Mrs. S., aged 48, German, married; one child 12 years old. Only one pregnancy. Father died at age of 72 with cancer of the stomach. Mother and brothers and sisters all living and well.		After the last withdrawal of the fluid, March 14, 1913, there was no return of the ascites, the edema disappeared rapidly, the urine increasing in quantity; the general pain and distress subsided, appetite and sleep returned, the metastases melted down until the growth on the forehead became small as a bean and the lymph glands but slightly larger than normal.	While the experimental evidence is against the ascitic fluid having any curative influence, it is hard to divorce in one’s mind the sequence of events. From December 17 to March 14, a period of 86 days, an average of 47 ounces of ascitic fluid collected in her abdomen each day, assuming no absorption. Suddenly the accumulation of fluid ceased and the patient began to improve. The hemorrhages into the abdomen, which occurred in December and February, may have been factors in bringing about the improvement. Autolytic changes in the ascitic fluid may have given rise to protective substances whether in the nature of antibodies, enzymes, cytolysins, or slats of the metals that, acting upon the tumor cells, may have caused the retrogression noted.	After the last withdrawal of the fluid, March 14, 1913, there was no return of the ascites, the edema disappeared rapidly, the urine increasing in quantity; the general pain and distress subsided, appetite and sleep returned, the metastases melted down until the growth on the forehead became small as a bean and the lymph glands but slightly larger than normal.
Gravitz, 1985⁴³	Young female patient		During the few days she had been Pathetised, the tumour and the pain had disappeared as if by magic, and as they have now been gone for fourteen years the presumption is that she may be considered cured.	Misdiagnosis, spontaneous remission, and mechanisms within the body’s immune system	During the few days she had been Pathetised, the tumour and the pain had disappeared as if by magic, and as they have now been gone for fourteen years the presumption is that she may be considered cured.
Black & Brown et al., 1959⁴⁴	61-year-old patient, widow, mother died from natural causes at the age of 90, father died from a cerebrovascular accident when 87 years old, ten siblings, two sisters and one brother were living and well, four brothers died of unknown causes, three others died of cardiac disorders associated with angina, no family history of malignant disease, or of acute or chronic disease suggestive of any epidemiological factors, had twice been pregnant, and had successfully given birth to two children, alive and well, and at the time of admission respectively aged 35 and 40 years		complete regression of the carcinoma, no primary nor secondary growths present, normal mucous membrane had been replaced by scar tissue which obliterated the cervix, no evidence of any erosion, or of any discharge, bloody or otherwise	suggested that there may be a mechanism common to tumor regression, narcotic tolerance, and some allergic phenomena	complete regression of the carcinoma, no primary nor secondary growths present, normal mucous membrane had been replaced by scar tissue which obliterated the cervix, no evidence of any erosion, or of any discharge, bloody or otherwise
Bloom⁴⁵
Horii et al., 2005⁴⁶
Kalager et al., 2009⁴⁷
Zahl et al., 2005⁴⁸
Zahl et al., 2006⁴⁹
Zahl et al., 2008⁵⁰
Ventegodt et al., 2004⁵¹
Wigginton et al., 2001⁵²
Santos et al.⁵³
⁵⁴
Burnside⁵⁵
Boyle⁵⁶
Yılmaz et al.⁵⁷
Matsuda et al.⁵⁸

References:

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Santos R., Teixeira A., Mayorano M., Carrara H., Andrade J., & Takahashi C. Basal levels of dna damage detected by micronuclei and comet assays in untreated breast cancer patients and healthy women. C
Breast cancer—epidemiology, risk factors, classification, prognostic markers, and current treatment strategies—an updated
Burnside E. An example of breast cancer regression on imaging. RCR. 2006;1(2):27-37
Boyle P. , Leake R. Progress in understanding breast cancer: epidemiological and biological interactions. Breast Cancer Res Tr. 1988;11(2):91-112
Yılmaz , O., Kesici, U., Duman, M. Spontaneous Complete Regression of Breast Cancer: Two Case Report. Annali Italiani Di Chirurgia, 95(5), 767–771. ht
Matsuda I, Watanabe T, Enomoto Y, Takatsuka Y, Miyoshi Y, Hirota S. Spontaneous regression of primary extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma) colliding w

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